購屋與取得房貸 ·32課
Down Payment Help and Loan Types in DC, Maryland, and Virginia
Compare common loan types, find down payment and closing cost help in DC, Maryland, and Virginia, understand mortgage insurance, and work out your cash to close.
完成於此裝置
本課程部分內容尚未翻譯成您的語言，因此以英文呈現。
在本課中
你將學到的
- Compare conventional, FHA, VA, and USDA loans and their minimum down payments.
- Find down payment and closing cost help in DC, Maryland, and Virginia, and check each program's rules.
- Explain mortgage insurance and when private mortgage insurance can be removed.
- Calculate the cash you need at closing, with and without assistance.
這與我們的課程有何關聯： Our class covers the kinds of mortgages and how they work. This lesson adds the local programs that can help DC-area buyers with the down payment, the rules to check, and a worked cash-to-close example.
要知道的話
- 傳統貸款 (Conventional loan)
- 這些房貸沒有政府機構的保險或擔保。許多房貸被賣給房利美或房地美。
- FHA貸款 (FHA loan)
- 由聯邦住房管理局（Federal Housing Administration）投保的房貸，該局隸屬於HUD。它允許低頭期款，但收取房貸保險費。
- 私人房貸保險（PMI） (Private mortgage insurance (PMI))
- 這種保險是保護貸款機構，而非你，如果你停止支付傳統貸款。通常當你還款低於20%時，這是必須的。
- 頭期款協助 (Down payment assistance)
- 來自幫助支付頭期款或過戶費用的計畫中的資金。可能是補助金，但你不償還，或是貸款。
- 延期貸款 (Deferred loan)
- 一筆在一段時間內無月付的貸款。通常在出售、再融資或停止居住時，你會再還款。
- 現金結算 (Cash to close)
- 你必須帶到交屋的總金額：頭期款和過戶費用，扣除任何抵免或協助。
- 首次購屋者 (First-time homebuyer)
- 對許多計畫來說，過去三年內沒有擁有房屋的人。每個計畫都有自己的規則。
Loan types at a glance
Most buyers use one of four kinds of mortgage. The biggest differences are how much you must put down, who can qualify, and what kind of mortgage insurance you pay.
| Loan type | Down payment | Good to know |
|---|---|---|
| Conventional | As low as 3% for some loans | With less than 20% down, you usually pay PMI. You can remove PMI later. |
| FHA | As low as 3.5% | Has mortgage insurance, often for the life of the loan. Since May 25, 2025, non-permanent residents, such as people on work visas, cannot get FHA loans. |
| VA | No down payment for eligible buyers, if the price is not higher than the appraised value (a professional estimate of what the home is worth, ordered by the lender) | For eligible service members, veterans, and some surviving spouses. No monthly mortgage insurance, but you may pay a one-time funding fee. |
| USDA | No down payment for eligible buyers | For low- and moderate-income buyers in eligible rural areas. Homes in cities such as DC do not qualify. You can check an address on the USDA eligibility website. |
If you are not a U.S. citizen or green card holder, ask each lender which loans you can get. Rules for conventional loans are different from FHA rules, and some local lenders offer their own loans for ITIN borrowers. A housing counselor can help you find them. Since June 2026, federal regulators have asked banks to look more closely at customers who use an ITIN. Some may ask for more documents or say no, so ask before you apply.
Help in DC: HPAP and DC Open Doors
Home Purchase Assistance Program (HPAP)
The DC Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD) runs HPAP, and the DC Housing Finance Agency (DCHFA) helps manage it. HPAP gives interest-free loans to help low- and moderate-income first-time buyers buy a home in DC.
- Who: first-time buyers. For HPAP, that means you have not owned any home or other residential property in the last three years. DC residents come first. Some people who have worked in DC for at least a year can also apply.
- Where: the home must be in DC, and it must be your main home.
- How much: it depends on your income and household size. DHCD updates its table every year.
- Repayment: lower-income buyers make no monthly payments. Moderate-income buyers start making payments in the sixth year. The whole loan is due if you sell, refinance (with some exceptions), or stop living in the home. To refinance means to take out a new mortgage to pay off your old one, often to get a lower rate.
- How to apply: through a community organization, such as Housing Counseling Services, the Latino Economic Development Center (LEDC), or MANNA.
HPAP money is limited. For fiscal year 2026, DHCD said it would help applicants first-come, first-served. Funding and rules can change each fiscal year. DC's fiscal year starts on October 1, so ask a counselor early about timing.
DC Open Doors
DC Open Doors, from DCHFA, offers home loans with down payment help for homes in DC. As of September 2026, its website said:
- First-time and repeat buyers can use it, and you do not need to live in DC now.
- There is an income limit, and the minimum credit score is 640.
- A down payment assistance loan can cover your full minimum down payment.
- That loan has 0% interest and no monthly payments. It is due after 30 years, or sooner if you sell, refinance, or stop living in the home.
馬里蘭州與維吉尼亞州的協助
馬里蘭州房貸計畫（MMP）
- 首次購屋 優勢貸款適用於首次購屋者。這包括過去三年內未擁有主要房屋的人。部分退伍軍人及特定目標地區的購屋者也可能符合資格。
- 彈性 貸款適合首次或重複購屋者。
- 大多數MMP貸款都附有0%遞延貸款的頭期款協助。2026年，選項包括固定6,000美元，或等於第一順位貸款的3%、4%或5%。你在第一順位抵押貸款結束時還款，例如出售或再融資時。
- 如果有核准的合作夥伴，例如某些雇主，提供協助，MMP可能會在某些貸款上多出最多2,500美元。
- 每位借款人都必須參加核准的購屋者教育課程。
- 蒙哥馬利郡和普林斯喬治郡有專為買家提供的特別貸款。
- 你是透過MMP認可的貸款機構申請的。
維吉尼亞住宅
- Virginia Housing 透過核准的貸款機構發放房貸，並設有收入和價格限制。
- 它的 頭期款補助金 是真正的補助金，因此你永遠不需要償還。這是給首次購屋者，以及某些地區使用符合資格的維吉尼亞住房貸款的重複購屋者。
- 交屋費用補助金可協助透過維吉尼亞住房取得退伍軍人事務部或美國農業部貸款的買家。但此款項永遠不會被償還。
- 許多維吉尼亞州的房貸要求免費的購屋者課程。你可以親自或線上參加。線上課程約需八小時。
該地區的一些縣市也會自行執行相關計畫。HUD認可的住房顧問可以告訴你哪些方案適合你。
在指望尋求幫助前，請先確認一些規則
每個計畫都有自己的規定。在你出價買房前，請先問這些問題：
- 我的家庭人數的收入上限是多少？
- 房屋價格有上限嗎？
- 這個計畫如何定義首次購屋者？
- 我一定要把這房子當作主要的家住嗎？要住多久？
- 購屋者課程是必修的嗎？哪些課程算？
- 我需要多少最低信用分數和最高 DTI 嗎？
- 我需要投入多少自己的錢？
- 這是補助金還是貸款？如果是貸款，我應該在什麼時候還款：賣房、再融資、搬出，還是在一定年限後還款？
- 我可以和其他課程合併嗎？
- 它接受持有我的移民身份或 ITIN 的買家嗎？
- 現在有錢嗎？核准需要多久？
- 哪些貸款機構獲准使用此計畫？
請以書面形式取得答案。計畫規則和金額會變動，通常在新財政年度開始時。
房貸保險：PMI與FHA保費
當你只付少量頭期款時，貸款機構承擔的風險也會增加。房貸保險保護貸款機構，如果你停止還款。它不保護你，但正是讓低頭期款成為可能的原因。
傳統貸款的PMI
在傳統貸款的頭期款低於20%時，通常會將私人房貸保險（PMI）作為每月付款的一部分支付。聯邦法律規定你有兩種主要的結束方式：
- 當您的貸款餘額預計達到房屋原始價值的80%時，您可以以書面要求服務機構取消PMI。您需要良好的還款紀錄，並符合其他條件，例如證明房屋價值未曾下跌。
- 當你的餘額排定達到原始價值的78%時，服務機構必須自動終止PMI，前提是你還款時還款。
FHA 房貸保險
FHA貸款收取兩筆保費。截至2026年9月，前期保費為貸款金額的1.75%，且可加算於貸款中。此外，還有一筆年度保費，作為每月付款的一部分支付。對於大多數支付3.5%頭期款的買家來說，年保費為貸款的0.55%，且該保費會持續到貸款期間。若您支付10%或以上，則該保費將在11年後終止。有些房東後來會轉為傳統貸款以停止還款。
35萬美元房貸 − 12,250美元頭期款 = 337,750美元貸款;337,750美元×0.55% ÷12 = 起初每月約155美元
範例
範例：現金過戶，要完成一棟價值35萬美元的房子
Mekdes 在華盛頓特區的一家醫院工作。她正在華盛頓特區購買一間價值 35 萬美元的公寓，使用 FHA 貸款和 3.5% 頭期款。她的貸款估算顯示交屋費用為 10,500 美元，包含預付稅金和保險費。（交屋費用差異很大。這個數字僅為範例。）
350,000 美元× 3.5% = 12,250 美元頭期款
| 項目 | 沒有幫助 | 使用頭期款協助貸款 |
|---|---|---|
| 頭期款（3.5%） | $12,250 | $12,250 |
| 過戶費用與預付項目 | $10,500 | $10,500 |
| 頭期款協助貸款 | 0美元 | −$12,250 |
| 梅克德斯必須帶來現金 | 22,750美元 | $10,500 |
援助貸款會讓她在交屋時的現金流減少一半以上。但這不是免費的錢。像DC Open Doors這樣的計畫，她必須在出售、再融資或搬出時，或30年後還清這12,250美元。如果賣方同意支付部分過戶費用，她所需的現金會更少。她也應該計劃在交屋後保留緊急儲蓄，而不是花光所有錢。
小心
不要為免費金錢清單付費
有些網站和來電者承諾，只要你先付手續費，政府會免費提供頭期款。其他網站則要求你提供社會安全號碼或銀行登入資料，以確認你是否符合資格。本課的真實計畫在官方網站上免費列出，且HUD認可的顧問能以極低甚至免費的方式協助你申請。切勿支付補助清單費用，也切勿將銀行帳號給任何人。
提示
問貸款機構正確的問題
在選擇貸款機構之前，請問：「您是否已獲准以[計畫名稱]發放貸款？您今年完成了多少筆貸款？」經常使用該計畫的貸款機構能幫助您避免延誤。
重點摘要
- Some loans need as little as 3% or 3.5% down, and VA and USDA loans can need nothing down for eligible buyers.
- DC, Maryland, and Virginia all have programs that help with the down payment or closing costs. Many are loans you repay when you sell, refinance, or move.
- Before you choose a home, check each program's income limit, first-time buyer rule, class requirement, and repayment rules.
- With a conventional loan, you can ask to cancel PMI when your balance is scheduled to reach 80% of the home's original value.
- Cash to close is your down payment plus closing costs, minus any help. Keep emergency savings after closing too.
檢查你的理解
回答問題後，選擇「檢查我的答案」。取得56權利完成本課程。這是練習：沒有時間限制，我們不會保留你的答案。
繼續說
值得信賴的網站，您可以在這裡了解更多資訊。這些連結會指向 Dollar Scholars 未經營的其他網站。
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購屋協助計畫（HPAP） （另一個網站）
華盛頓特區為低至中等收入首次購屋者提供的無息貸款，包含當前收入與補助表。
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DC Open Doors （另一個網站）
首次購屋及回購者在華盛頓特區購屋時，提供附帶頭期款協助的房貸。
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馬里蘭州抵押貸款計畫 （另一個網站）
馬里蘭州的房貸提供頭期款及過戶費用協助，並提供收入與價格限制工具。
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維吉尼亞州住宅：購屋者 （另一個網站）
維吉尼亞州首次購屋者貸款、頭期款及成交費用補助，以及免費購屋者課程。
本課程是一般財務教育，非法律、稅務或財務建議。規則與金額會變動，因此重要數字請向官方來源查詢。