OLUNYE UDABA: Imali ekhokhwayo eThekwini lapho amabhange ehluleka ukuboleka imali

Lesi yisihloko sokuqala ochungechungeni lwezindatshana mayelana nama-ROSCA nokuthandwa kwawo emhlabeni jikelele.

Uhlelo lwezezimali olungadingi ibhange

Abantu abayishumi, abayishumi balinganisa iminikelo yenyanga. Isikhwama esisodwa esivamile. Njalo ngenyanga, umhlanganyeli oyedwa uthola imali eqoqiwe. Yile ndlela i-ROSCA - i-Rotary Savings and Credit Association - esebenza ngayo. Ababambiqhaza bavumelana kusengaphambili ngenani kanye nemvamisa yeminikelo yabo, bese beshintshana ngokuthola isamba esiqoqwe ngesikhathi ngasinye. Yize ama-ROSCA angafaka zonke izinhlobo zabantu, avame ukusetshenziswa ngabesifazane abanokufinyelela okuvinjelwe kakhulu kwemali.

Kwezinye izinhlelo ukufinyelela kwezezimali akunikeziwe, kepha lokho akunciphisi isidingo sesikweletu noma imali ewuketshezi. Ekuboneni kokuqala, i-ROSCA ingabonakala njengelungiselelo eliyisisekelo phakathi kwabantu abajwayelene nabo, yize ukulula kwayo kungafihla iqiniso lokuthi igcwalisa inhloso ebalulekile yezomnotho, futhi isuselwa emqondweni ocacile wezomnotho: iqembu liqoqa ukugeleza kwemali yesikhathi esizayo futhi labela ukufinyelela kwesamba semali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Imikhuba efana ne-ROSCAs ikhona emazweni ahlukene futhi yaziwa ngamagama ahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. Ama-tontines atholakala eNtshonalanga Afrika, ama-stokvels eNingizimu Afrika, ama-gam'iyas eGibhithe, nama-tandas eMexico. Yize la malungiselelo elandela umgomo we-ROSCA weminikelo ejwayelekile, okuvunyelwene ngayo kanye nokusatshalaliswa okulandelanayo kwesikhwama esivamile, lezi zikhungo azishintshi njengoba imithetho yazo, ubulungu, kanye nezici ezengeziwe nemisebenzi ziyahlukahluka.

Kungani abantu bezimisele ukuxhasa imali ngaphandle kwebhange noma isivumelwano sesikweletu esijwayelekile? Impendulo eyodwa iphathelene nokufinyelela kwemali. Kumuntu ongakwazi ukuthola imalimboleko yasebhange ngesilinganiso senzalo ephansi, ukujoyina i-ROSCA kunganikeza indlela yokuthola imali ngeminikelo okuvunyelwene ngayo neqembu. Kepha lokhu akuyona imalimboleko yamahhala noma indawo yomkhiqizo wasebhange: izinzuzo zincike ekuhlelweni lapho izimali zitholwa khona, ukuthembeka kwabahlanganyeli, kanye nemithetho yeqembu elithile.

Lapho ukonga kuba yimali ehlangene

Ngomqondo owodwa i-ROSCA ihlanganisa imisebenzi emibili: ukufinyelela kusenesikhathi emithonjeni yezezimali kulabo abathola isikhwama ngokushesha, kanye nokulondolozwa okuqondiswe kulabo abanethuba labo elizayo kamuva. Ngokuya ngemithetho yeqembu, i-oda linganqunywa ngokudonsa, isivumelwano, ukuphuthuma kwezidingo zomhlanganyeli, noma ukubhida. Ngokombono wezomnotho, i-ROSCA akuyona enye indlela yamahhala ngokuphelele kwimalimboleko yasebhange. Ukungabi bikho kwesilinganiso senzalo esishiwo ngokucacile akusho ukuthi azikho izindleko zezomnotho. Umhlanganyeli othola isikhwama kuqala uzuza ekufinyeleleni kwangaphambili kwemali; umhlanganyeli oyithola okokugcina uthwala ingozi yokwehla kwamandla emali kanye nengozi yokuthi amanye amalungu eqembu angase ahluleke. Kwezinye izinhlobo ze-ROSCA, lokhu kungalingani kwesikhathi kuncishiswe ngokubhida noma eminye imithetho yokwabiwa, kepha izindlela ezinjalo nazo zishintsha umnotho welungiselelo.

Izikhundla zezomnotho zababambiqhaza azifani. Owesifazane othola imali kuqala uthola ukufinyelela kwisamba semali ngaphambi kokuba ayezoyiqongelela yedwa. Empeleni, inkokhelo yakhe yokuqala ixhaswe yiminikelo elandelayo yabanye ababambiqhaza. Owesifazane ofika ekugcineni wenza izinkokhelo ezijwayelekile kuqala futhi uthola isamba esihlanganisiwe kuphela ekupheleni komjikelezo.

Cabanga ngeqembu elicatshangwayo labesifazane abayishumi lapho ngamunye enikela nge-RUB 10,000 njalo ngenyanga. Isikhwama esijwayelekile ngakho-ke sifinyelela ku-RUB 100,000. Inqobo nje uma wonke umuntu enikela ngesikhathi futhi umjikelezo uqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, umhlanganyeli oyedwa uthola isikhwama njalo ngenyanga. Ezinyangeni eziyishumi, umhlanganyeli ngamunye uthola isikhwama kanye.

Umehluko ubonakala ngokukhethekile uma kubhekwa ukubaluleka kwesikhathi semali. Njengoba sazi kwezomnotho, ukuthola i-RUB 100,000 namuhla akufani nokuthola inani elifanayo ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalolunye kusukela manje. Umphumela wezomnotho uthinteka ukwehla kwamandla emali, ukubuya okungenzeka ekusetshenzisweni okunye kwemali, kanye nengozi yokuthi abanye ababambiqhaza bazohluleka ukufeza izibopho zabo.

Konke lokhu kugcizelela iphuzu elibucayi ukuthi i-ROSCA ayikhi izinsiza ezengeziwe zezezimali. Ibuyisela ukufinyelela kwiminikelo ekhona futhi elindelekile, ishintsha ukulandelana okungasetshenziswa ngayo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, iqondwa kangcono njengendlela yokuxhaswa ngezimali ngokuhlanganyela nokulondoloza, kunokuba ibe ngumthombo wemali entsha.

Kungani ukubamba iqhaza kwabesifazane kuphenduke isihloko socwaningo lwezomnotho

Izazi zezomnotho uSiwan Anderson noJean-Marie Baland ngaphambilini bahlolisise ukonga okuhlangene kanye nokwabiwa kwezinsizakusebenza ngaphakathi kwendlu besebenzisa idatha ebonakalayo kuma-ROSCAs. [1]

Kwisampula yabo yama-ROSCAs endaweni ehola kancane eNairobi, eKenya, iningi lama-ROSCA ayengabantu besifazane. Abesifazane abashadile abanemali engenayo babevame kakhulu phakathi kwababambiqhaza. Le ndatshana ichaza le ndlela njengethuba "lokuvikela ukonga kwakhe ezicelweni zomyeni wakhe zokusetshenziswa ngokushesha."

Abacwaningi baphakamise incazelo ehlobene nokusatshalaliswa kwemithombo yezezimali emndenini: ukubamba iqhaza ku-ROSCA kungasiza owesifazane ukuthi alondoloze imali yakhe futhi abavikele ezimfuneni zokuthi imali isetshenziswe ngokushesha ekusetshenzisweni kwasekhaya.

Lolu cwaningo luphinde luthinte imibuzo ebanzi yezomnotho okuyisihloko esibalulekile ezincwadini zokuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho: ukwabiwa kwezinsizakusebenza zangaphakathi. Amamodeli wendabuko wasekhaya angaphatha umndeni njengeyunithi eyodwa yezomnotho eyenza izinqumo ezihlanganisiwe mayelana nemali engenayo nezindleko. Ucwaningo oluthe xaxa oluvela kubafundi bezomnotho nabanye lukhombisa ukuthi empeleni, izintshisekelo zabashadile zingahluka. Bangaba nezinto eziza kuqala ezihlukile, ama-horizons okuhlela, kanye namazinga okulawula imali abayitholayo.

Ezimweni ezinjalo, i-ROSCA ingasebenza ngenhloso eyengeziwe: hhayi kuphela ukusiza ababambiqhaza ukongeza, kodwa futhi nokusekela ukulawulwa komuntu ngamunye engxenyeni yemali engenayo. Okutholakele kuka-Anderson noBaland akufanele kuhunyushwe njengobufakazi bokuthi ukungaboni ngaso linye emndenini kuyisizathu somhlaba wonke sokuthi kungani abesifazane bebamba iqhaza kuma-ROSCA. Ucwaningo lukhomba indlela ebonwa kwisampula ethile yaseNairobi. Ukusabalala kwayo kwamanye amazwe nasemaqenjini omphakathi kudinga uphenyo oluhlukile.

Ama-ROSCA ayisihloko esiphindaphindwayo emazweni asathuthuka ngakho-ke sizoshicilela uchungechunge lwezikhala zebhulogi kuma-ROSCAs nokuthi ahlinzeka kanjani ngesiteshi sabesifazane ukuthi bafinyelele izimpahla zezezimali ezingafinyeleleki.

Izinkomba

1. Anderson, S., Baland, J.-M. (2002). Umnotho we-ROSCAs kanye nokwabiwa kwezinsizakusebenza ze-intrahouse. I-Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(3), 963-995.
   https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302760193931