信用報告與信用分數 ·32課
Build Credit from Zero
A month-by-month plan to earn a first credit score, with costs compared, for newcomers, young adults, ITIN holders and anyone without a credit history.
完成於此裝置
本課程部分內容尚未翻譯成您的語言,因此以英文呈現。
在本課中
你將學到的
- Explain what credit invisible means and why it matters for renting, jobs and loans.
- Compare secured cards, credit-builder loans, authorized user accounts, lending circles and rent reporting.
- Describe how to apply for credit with an ITIN at lenders that accept one.
- Follow a month-by-month plan to earn a first credit score.
這與我們的課程有何關聯: Our class covers how to build credit with tools like secured cards and alternative credit history. This lesson gives you a month-by-month plan, a cost comparison with real numbers, and steps for newcomers and ITIN holders.
要知道的話
- 信用無形 (Credit invisible)
- 在三大全國性信用局中沒有任何信用紀錄。
- 薄銼刀 (Thin file)
- 信用報告帳戶數量很少。可能太小,無法產生信用分數。
- 擔保信用卡 (Secured credit card)
- 需要現金存款的信用卡。存款通常會設定你的信用額度。
- 信用建立貸款 (Credit-builder loan)
- 一筆小額貸款,存放在鎖住的儲蓄帳戶中,讓你付款。最後你會拿到錢。
- 授權使用者 (Authorized user)
- 是指被允許使用他人信用卡的人。授權使用者通常不負責支付帳單。
- ITIN
- 個人納稅人識別號碼。國稅局提供的9位數稅務編號,供無法取得社會安全號碼的人使用。
No credit is not bad credit, but it can cost you
If none of the three nationwide credit bureaus has a file on you, you are credit invisible. If your file has only one or two new accounts, you may have a thin file, which can be too small to produce a score. A credit score is a number, usually from 300 to 850, that comes from your credit report. It helps lenders guess how likely you are to pay on time, and a higher score usually means lower costs to borrow. Many people are in this group: newcomers to the United States, young adults, and people who pay for everything in cash.
Having no score is not the same as having a bad score. But it can still cost you money:
- Loans and cards: Lenders may turn you down or charge you a higher interest rate.
- Housing: Landlords may check your credit before they rent to you.
- Jobs: Some employers check credit. In DC, most employers may not ask for or use your credit information when they make job decisions, with some exceptions. You can report a violation to the DC Office of Human Rights.
Some good habits you already have may not count. Rent, phone and utility payments usually do not appear on credit reports unless the company reports them. Debit cards and prepaid cards do not build credit, because you are not borrowing money. Payday loans do not help either, because the payments are not reported to the credit bureaus. Car dealers that lend their own money (sometimes called buy here, pay here) often report only late payments, not on-time payments.
五種入門方式比較
你只需要其中一兩個工具。選擇一個符合你預算且能向信用局報告付款紀錄的。
| 工具 | 運作原理 | 注意 |
|---|---|---|
| 擔保信用卡 | 你支付現金押金,例如300美元。押金通常會變成你的信用額度。你使用信用卡並繳費。當你關閉帳戶且無需繳費,或轉用普通卡時,押金會被退還。 | 年費或月費。問問它是否同時向三大信用局報告,之後是否能轉用一般信用卡。 |
| 信用建立貸款 | 通常是來自信用合作社或非營利組織。貸款人會把一筆小額貸款放進一個鎖定的儲蓄帳戶,通常是300到1000美元。你會先還款6到24個月。然後你拿到錢。 | 利息和費用。遲繳反而會傷害你的信用,而非幫助它。 |
| 授權使用者 | 家人或朋友將你加到他們的信用卡帳戶。你通常不需要負責支付帳單。 | 詢問信用卡公司是否向信用局報告授權使用者。持卡人逾期付款或高額餘額可能會損害你的信用。這是第一步,而非唯一步驟。 |
| 借款圈 | 一群人每月向一個共享基金繳款。每個月,一位成員會拿到全部金額。有些非營利組織會經營貸款圈,並將每一筆付款都報告給信用局。 | 家庭 tanda 或 susu 只有在有人向至少一家信用局報告還款時,才會建立信用。 |
| 租金申報 | 你的房東或你所簽約的服務,會向至少一家信用局報告你的租金支付。 | 詢問哪些信用局會取得資料、是否有費用,以及逾期付款是否也會被報告。並非所有信用分數都會計算租金支付。 |
一個貸款圈計畫的例子是:非營利組織Mission Asset Fund與合作夥伴團體共同經營貸款圈。他們表示貸款不息,向三大主要信用局報告付款,持有ITIN的人可以用來建立信用。
範例
費用:有擔保卡或信用建立貸款
Samuel 在銀泉的一家餐廳工作,部分薪水是現金。他存了 300 美元。他比較了信用合作社的兩個報價。這些是範例數字。務必以書面形式要求真實成本。
| 項目 | 擔保卡 | 信用建立貸款 |
|---|---|---|
| 他投入的錢 | 300 美元訂金 | 636美元付款 |
| 他拿回的錢 | 300美元 | 600美元 |
| 年費 | 0美元 | 0美元 |
| 興趣 | 0美元 | 36美元 |
| 年度成本 | 0美元 | 36美元 |
$53 × 12個月 = $636 已支付;$636 − $600 退還 = $36 成本
如果 Samuel 選擇一張沒有年費的卡,且每月全額繳清餘額,擔保卡不會花錢。當他關閉卡且不欠款時,或換成普通卡時,押金會被退還。貸款費用為 36 美元,但運作方式類似儲蓄計劃:最後他有 600 美元。如果向信用局舉報,兩者都能建立信用。如果 Samuel 沒有 300 美元作為押金,貸款可能是較簡單的起步方式。
新來者與ITIN持有者
ITIN 是國稅局(IRS)頒發給無法取得社會安全號碼的人使用的稅務編號。你可以用 ITIN 建立美國信用紀錄。有些信用卡公司和其他貸款機構接受 ITIN 申請。但並非所有機構都接受,且各貸款機構的規定不同。自 2026 年 6 月起,聯邦監管機構要求銀行更仔細審查使用 ITIN 的客戶。有些銀行可能會要求更多文件或拒絕,所以申請前請務必先詢問。帶上這份問題清單:
- 你接受這張卡或貸款的 ITIN 嗎?
- 你會向 Equifax、Experian 和 TransUnion 申報付款嗎?
- 每個月和每年的費用是多少?
- 關於擔保卡:最低的存款是多少?我什麼時候可以轉成普通卡?
- 我需要哪些文件,例如護照、領事身分證或住址證明?
每份申請都要使用相同的姓名拼法、相同的出生日期和現住地址。這有助於信用局將你所有帳戶集中保存在同一個檔案中。
來自其他國家的信用:你在其他國家的信用紀錄不會出現在美國的信用報告中。有些美國貸款機構會與能查看其他國家信用紀錄的公司合作。請詢問貸款機構是否能這麼做。如果無法,請先使用上述工具之一。
範例
Month-by-month plan: Aisha's first score
Aisha moved to Takoma Park and works at a hotel. She has an ITIN and no U.S. credit history. Here is her plan. You can follow the same steps.
- Before you start: Get your reports from each bureau to see if you already have a file. Without a Social Security number, ask by mail. Save money for a deposit if you need one.
- Month 1: Open one account that reports to all three bureaus. Aisha opens a secured card with a $300 limit. She sets up automatic payment from her checking account for the full balance on each statement.
- Months 1 to 6: Use the card for one small, regular bill, like a $30 phone bill. Keep the balance under 30% of the limit. On a $300 card, that means less than $90. Credit scores look at how much of your limit you are using, called credit utilization, and using only a small part of it helps your score. Pay the full balance by the due date every month.
- Month 6: Check your reports from all three bureaus. Make sure the new account is there and correct. A FICO score needs at least one account that has been open six months or more, and at least one account reported in the last six months. So around now, you may get your first score.
- Months 7 to 12: Keep using the card for small amounts and paying on time. Ask if you can move to a regular card and get your deposit back. Do not apply for many new accounts at once.
- After month 12: If you need it, add a second, different kind of credit, such as a credit-builder loan. Keep your oldest account open.
$300 limit × 30% = $90, so keep the balance under $90
Where can Aisha see her score? Many credit card companies give their customers a free credit score. HUD-approved housing counselors and nonprofit credit counselors can often give you a free credit report and score, too.
小心
應避免的陷阱
- 費用很高。 有些信用卡和信用建立產品會收取月費、設定費或年度費用。把一年所有費用加總,然後和沒有年費的有擔保卡做比較。
- 承諾快速取得分數。 建立信用需要數月。沒有人能在幾天內給你好分數。
- 新的信用識別碼。 有些賣家會提供一個新號碼,取代你自己的社會安全號碼或ITIN。使用非你的號碼申請信用是違法的。你可能會面臨罰款或監禁。
- 信用過多、過快。在短時間內開設多個新帳戶會降低你的分數,讓貸款機構擔心。
詐騙者常針對新移民。請參考 針對新移民的詐騙。
提示
你附近免費的幫助
在華盛頓特區,保險、證券與銀行部透過 其財務賦權與教育辦公室提供財務教育課程。在馬里蘭州,馬 里蘭州的CASH運動 提供免費的財務輔導。在該地區的任何地方,你都能 找到HUD認可的住房顧問 ,他們能以低成本甚至免費審查你的信用。需要先開銀行或信用合作社帳戶嗎?請查看 如何開設帳戶。
重點摘要
- Having no credit history is not the same as having bad credit, but it can still cost you money.
- Start with one product that reports to all three credit bureaus. Use it for small amounts and pay on time every month.
- Some lenders accept an ITIN. Ask before you apply.
- A first FICO score usually takes about six months of reported history.
- Stay away from high fees, promises of a fast score, and anyone selling a new credit identity.
檢查你的理解
回答問題後,選擇「檢查我的答案」。取得45權利完成本課程。這是練習:沒有時間限制,我們不會保留你的答案。
繼續說
值得信賴的網站,您可以在這裡了解更多資訊。這些連結會指向 Dollar Scholars 未經營的其他網站。
-
有哪些方法可以開始或重建良好的信用紀錄? (另一個網站)
說明擔保卡、信用建立貸款和商店卡,以及哪些產品無法幫助建立信用。
-
鳴謝 (另一個網站)
淺顯易懂的頁面,教你如何建立、檢查及改善你的信用,專為成人英語學習者而寫。
-
Crédito (另一個網站)
淺顯的西班牙語頁面,教你如何建立、改善及檢查你的信用。
本課程是一般財務教育,非法律、稅務或財務建議。規則與金額會變動,因此重要數字請向官方來源查詢。