买房和申请抵押贷款 ·32课
Down Payment Help and Loan Types in DC, Maryland, and Virginia
Compare common loan types, find down payment and closing cost help in DC, Maryland, and Virginia, understand mortgage insurance, and work out your cash to close.
完成于此设备
本课程部分内容尚未翻译成你的语言，因此以英语形式呈现。
在本课中
你将学到什么
- Compare conventional, FHA, VA, and USDA loans and their minimum down payments.
- Find down payment and closing cost help in DC, Maryland, and Virginia, and check each program's rules.
- Explain mortgage insurance and when private mortgage insurance can be removed.
- Calculate the cash you need at closing, with and without assistance.
这与我们的课程有何关联： Our class covers the kinds of mortgages and how they work. This lesson adds the local programs that can help DC-area buyers with the down payment, the rules to check, and a worked cash-to-close example.
需要知道的话
- 常规贷款 (Conventional loan)
- 这些抵押贷款没有政府机构的保险或担保。许多贷款被卖给了房利美或房地美。
- FHA贷款 (FHA loan)
- 由联邦住房管理局（HUD）承保的抵押贷款，该管理局隶属于HUD。它允许低首付，但收取抵押贷款保险费。
- 私人抵押贷款保险（PMI） (Private mortgage insurance (PMI))
- 保险保护的是贷款方，而不是你，如果你停止支付传统贷款。通常当你首付低于20%时，这是必须的。
- 首付援助 (Down payment assistance)
- 来自帮助支付首付或交割费用的项目资金。可能是一笔你不偿还的助学金，或者是贷款。
- 递延贷款 (Deferred loan)
- 在一定一段时间内无需每月还款的贷款。通常在出售、再融资或停止居住时，你需要还款。
- 现金成交 (Cash to close)
- 你必须带到交割时的总金额：首付和交割费用，扣除任何抵免或帮助。
- 首次购房者 (First-time homebuyer)
- 对于许多项目来说，过去三年内没有房屋的人。每个项目都有自己的规则。
Loan types at a glance
Most buyers use one of four kinds of mortgage. The biggest differences are how much you must put down, who can qualify, and what kind of mortgage insurance you pay.
| Loan type | Down payment | Good to know |
|---|---|---|
| Conventional | As low as 3% for some loans | With less than 20% down, you usually pay PMI. You can remove PMI later. |
| FHA | As low as 3.5% | Has mortgage insurance, often for the life of the loan. Since May 25, 2025, non-permanent residents, such as people on work visas, cannot get FHA loans. |
| VA | No down payment for eligible buyers, if the price is not higher than the appraised value (a professional estimate of what the home is worth, ordered by the lender) | For eligible service members, veterans, and some surviving spouses. No monthly mortgage insurance, but you may pay a one-time funding fee. |
| USDA | No down payment for eligible buyers | For low- and moderate-income buyers in eligible rural areas. Homes in cities such as DC do not qualify. You can check an address on the USDA eligibility website. |
If you are not a U.S. citizen or green card holder, ask each lender which loans you can get. Rules for conventional loans are different from FHA rules, and some local lenders offer their own loans for ITIN borrowers. A housing counselor can help you find them. Since June 2026, federal regulators have asked banks to look more closely at customers who use an ITIN. Some may ask for more documents or say no, so ask before you apply.
Help in DC: HPAP and DC Open Doors
Home Purchase Assistance Program (HPAP)
The DC Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD) runs HPAP, and the DC Housing Finance Agency (DCHFA) helps manage it. HPAP gives interest-free loans to help low- and moderate-income first-time buyers buy a home in DC.
- Who: first-time buyers. For HPAP, that means you have not owned any home or other residential property in the last three years. DC residents come first. Some people who have worked in DC for at least a year can also apply.
- Where: the home must be in DC, and it must be your main home.
- How much: it depends on your income and household size. DHCD updates its table every year.
- Repayment: lower-income buyers make no monthly payments. Moderate-income buyers start making payments in the sixth year. The whole loan is due if you sell, refinance (with some exceptions), or stop living in the home. To refinance means to take out a new mortgage to pay off your old one, often to get a lower rate.
- How to apply: through a community organization, such as Housing Counseling Services, the Latino Economic Development Center (LEDC), or MANNA.
HPAP money is limited. For fiscal year 2026, DHCD said it would help applicants first-come, first-served. Funding and rules can change each fiscal year. DC's fiscal year starts on October 1, so ask a counselor early about timing.
DC Open Doors
DC Open Doors, from DCHFA, offers home loans with down payment help for homes in DC. As of September 2026, its website said:
- First-time and repeat buyers can use it, and you do not need to live in DC now.
- There is an income limit, and the minimum credit score is 640.
- A down payment assistance loan can cover your full minimum down payment.
- That loan has 0% interest and no monthly payments. It is due after 30 years, or sooner if you sell, refinance, or stop living in the home.
马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州的帮助
马里兰抵押贷款项目（MMP）
- 首次购房 优势贷款适用于首次购房者。这包括过去三年内没有拥有主要住房的人。部分退伍军人和特定目标地区的购房者也可能符合资格。
- 灵活 贷款适用于首次或回头购房者。
- 大多数MMP贷款都附带首付帮助，为0%递延贷款。2026年，选项包括固定6000美元，即首轮贷款的3%、4%或5%。当第一抵押贷款结束时，例如出售或再融资时，你需要偿还。
- 如果获批的合作伙伴（如某些雇主）提供帮助，MMP可能会为部分贷款提供最多2500美元的额外匹配。
- 每位借款人都必须参加经过批准的购房者教育课程。
- 蒙哥马利县和普林斯乔治县的买家有特别贷款。
- 你通过MMP认可的贷款机构申请。
弗吉尼亚住房
- Virginia Housing通过经批准的贷款机构发放住房贷款，设有收入和价格限制。
- 它的 首付援助助学金 是真正的助学金，因此你永远不需要偿还。它适用于首次购房者，以及某些地区使用符合条件的弗吉尼亚住房贷款的回购者。
- 交割费用援助资助可以帮助通过弗吉尼亚住房获得VA或USDA贷款的买家。但这笔贷款从未被偿还。
- 许多弗吉尼亚住房贷款要求免费的购房者课程。你可以线下或在线参加。在线课程大约需要八小时。
该地区的一些县市也运营自己的项目。HUD认可的住房顾问可以告诉你哪些项目适合你。
在指望帮助之前需要先检查规则
每个项目都有自己的规则。在你出价买房前，请先问这些问题：
- 我的家庭人数的收入上限是多少？
- 房价有上限吗？
- 该项目如何定义首次购房者？
- 我必须把家当作主要住所住吗？多久？
- 购房者课程是必修的吗？哪些课程算数？
- 我需要多少最低信用评分和最高DTI？
- 我需要投入多少自己的钱？
- 这是助学金还是贷款？如果是贷款，我应该什么时候还款：卖房、再融资、搬出，还是在一定年限后还款？
- 我可以和其他项目结合吗？
- 它接受持有我的移民身份或ITIN的买家吗？
- 现在有钱吗？审批需要多长时间？
- 哪些贷款机构获准使用该项目？
请以书面形式获得答案。项目规则和金额会变动，通常在新财政年度开始时。
抵押贷款保险：PMI和FHA保费
当你支付少量首付时，贷款方承担的风险也更大。抵押贷款保险保护贷款方，如果你停止还款。它不能保护你，但正是它让低首付成为可能。
传统贷款的PMI
在传统贷款的首付低于20%的情况下，你通常会将私人抵押贷款保险（PMI）作为月供的一部分支付。联邦法律规定你有两种主要的结束方式：
- 当贷款余额预计达到房屋原始价值的80%时，您可以书面要求服务商取消PMI。您需要良好的还款记录，并满足其他条件，例如证明房屋价值未下降。
- 当你的余额计划达到原始价值的78%时，服务商必须自动终止PMI，前提是你还款已按时还款。
FHA抵押贷款保险
FHA贷款收取两笔保费。截至2026年9月，首付保费为贷款金额的1.75%，可加入贷款金额。此外还有一笔年度保费，作为月供的一部分支付。对于大多数支付3.5%首付的买家，年保费为贷款的0.55%，且持续至贷款期限内。如果你支付10%或以上的首付，则该保费将在11年后终止。有些房东后来会转为传统贷款以停止还款。
35万美元房价 − 12,250美元首付 = 337,750美元贷款;337,750美元×0.55% ÷12 = 起初约每月155美元
示例
示例：现金用来完成一栋价值35万美元的房屋
梅克德斯在华盛顿特区的一家医院工作。她正在华盛顿特区购买一套价值35万美元的公寓，使用FHA贷款和3.5%的首付。她的贷款估算显示包括预付税费和保险费共计10,500美元。（成交费用差异很大。这个数字仅是一个例子。）
35万美元×3.5% = 12,250美元首付
| 项目 | 没有帮助 | 首付款援助贷款 |
|---|---|---|
| 首付（3.5%） | 12,250美元 | 12,250美元 |
| 交割费用与预付项目 | 10,500美元 | 10,500美元 |
| 首付款援助贷款 | 0美元 | −12,250美元 |
| 现金，梅克德斯必须带来 | 22,750美元 | 10,500美元 |
援助贷款会让她的过户现金减少一半以上。但这不是免费的钱。像DC Open Doors这样的项目，她必须在出售、再融资或搬出时，或30年后偿还这12,250美元。如果卖方同意支付部分过户费用，她所需的现金会更少。她还应计划在交割后保留应急储蓄，而不是花光所有钱。
小心
不要为免费的钱清单付费
有些网站和来电者承诺，如果你先支付手续费，将免费获得政府首付。另一些网站则要求提供你的社会保障号码或银行登录，以核查你是否符合资格。本课中的真实项目在官方网站上免费列出，且获得HUD认可的顾问可以免费或低成本协助你申请。切勿为资助清单付费，也切勿将你的银行登录信息透露给任何人。
提示
向贷款机构提出正确的问题
在选择贷款机构之前，请问：“您是否获准通过[项目名称]发放贷款？今年您完成了多少笔贷款？”经常使用该项目的贷款机构可以帮助您避免延误。
主要要点
- Some loans need as little as 3% or 3.5% down, and VA and USDA loans can need nothing down for eligible buyers.
- DC, Maryland, and Virginia all have programs that help with the down payment or closing costs. Many are loans you repay when you sell, refinance, or move.
- Before you choose a home, check each program's income limit, first-time buyer rule, class requirement, and repayment rules.
- With a conventional loan, you can ask to cancel PMI when your balance is scheduled to reach 80% of the home's original value.
- Cash to close is your down payment plus closing costs, minus any help. Keep emergency savings after closing too.
检查你的理解
回答问题后，选择“检查我的答案”。完成本课56权利。这是练习：没有时间限制，我们不会保留你的答案。
继续说
值得信赖的网站，您可以在这里了解更多信息。这些链接指向Dollar Scholars未运营的其他网站。
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购房援助计划（HPAP） （另一个网站）
华盛顿特区为低中等收入首次购房者提供的无息贷款，包含当前收入和援助表。
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DC敞开门 （另一个网站）
首次购房者和回购者在华盛顿特区购房时，提供首付贷款帮助。
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马里兰抵押贷款项目 （另一个网站）
马里兰州的住房贷款，包括首付款和交割费用，以及收入和价格限制工具。
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弗吉尼亚住房：购房者 （另一个网站）
弗吉尼亚州首次购房者贷款、首付和交割费用补助，以及免费购房者课程。
本课程是通用理财教育，而非法律、税务或理财建议。规则和金额会变化，因此请通过官方来源核实重要数字。