Kununua Nyumba na Kupata Rehani · Somo 2 la 3
Down Payment Help and Loan Types in DC, Maryland, and Virginia
Compare common loan types, find down payment and closing cost help in DC, Maryland, and Virginia, understand mortgage insurance, and work out your cash to close.
Imekamilika kwenye kifaa hiki
Sehemu za somo hili bado hazijatafsiriwa katika lugha yako, kwa hivyo zinaonyeshwa kwa Kiingereza.
Katika somo hili
Utajifunza nini
- Compare conventional, FHA, VA, and USDA loans and their minimum down payments.
- Find down payment and closing cost help in DC, Maryland, and Virginia, and check each program's rules.
- Explain mortgage insurance and when private mortgage insurance can be removed.
- Calculate the cash you need at closing, with and without assistance.
Jinsi hii inaunganisha na madarasa yetu: Our class covers the kinds of mortgages and how they work. This lesson adds the local programs that can help DC-area buyers with the down payment, the rules to check, and a worked cash-to-close example.
Maneno ya kujua
- Mkopo wa kawaida (Conventional loan)
- Rehani ambayo haijawekewa bima au kuhakikishiwa na wakala wa serikali. Nyingi zinauzwa kwa Fannie Mae au Freddie Mac.
- Mkopo wa FHA (FHA loan)
- Rehani iliyowekewa bima na Utawala wa Nyumba wa Shirikisho, ambayo ni sehemu ya HUD. Inaruhusu malipo ya chini lakini inatoza bima ya rehani.
- Bima ya rehani ya kibinafsi (PMI) (Private mortgage insurance (PMI))
- Bima ambayo inalinda mkopeshaji, sio wewe, ikiwa utaacha kulipa mkopo wa kawaida. Kawaida inahitajika wakati unaweka chini ya 20%.
- Usaidizi wa malipo ya chini (Down payment assistance)
- Pesa kutoka kwa programu ambayo husaidia kulipa malipo yako ya chini au gharama za kufunga. Inaweza kuwa ruzuku, ambayo haulipi, au mkopo.
- Mkopo ulioahirishwa (Deferred loan)
- Mkopo usio na malipo ya kila mwezi kwa muda. Unalipa baadaye, kwa kawaida unapouza, kufadhili upya, au kuacha kuishi nyumbani.
- Pesa za kufunga (Cash to close)
- Jumla ya kiasi unachopaswa kuleta ili kufunga: malipo yako ya awali na gharama za kufunga, ukiondoa mikopo au usaidizi wowote.
- Mnunuzi wa nyumba kwa mara ya kwanza (First-time homebuyer)
- Kwa programu nyingi, mtu ambaye hajamiliki nyumba katika miaka mitatu iliyopita. Kila programu huweka sheria yake.
Loan types at a glance
Most buyers use one of four kinds of mortgage. The biggest differences are how much you must put down, who can qualify, and what kind of mortgage insurance you pay.
| Loan type | Down payment | Good to know |
|---|---|---|
| Conventional | As low as 3% for some loans | With less than 20% down, you usually pay PMI. You can remove PMI later. |
| FHA | As low as 3.5% | Has mortgage insurance, often for the life of the loan. Since May 25, 2025, non-permanent residents, such as people on work visas, cannot get FHA loans. |
| VA | No down payment for eligible buyers, if the price is not higher than the appraised value (a professional estimate of what the home is worth, ordered by the lender) | For eligible service members, veterans, and some surviving spouses. No monthly mortgage insurance, but you may pay a one-time funding fee. |
| USDA | No down payment for eligible buyers | For low- and moderate-income buyers in eligible rural areas. Homes in cities such as DC do not qualify. You can check an address on the USDA eligibility website. |
If you are not a U.S. citizen or green card holder, ask each lender which loans you can get. Rules for conventional loans are different from FHA rules, and some local lenders offer their own loans for ITIN borrowers. A housing counselor can help you find them. Since June 2026, federal regulators have asked banks to look more closely at customers who use an ITIN. Some may ask for more documents or say no, so ask before you apply.
Help in DC: HPAP and DC Open Doors
Home Purchase Assistance Program (HPAP)
The DC Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD) runs HPAP, and the DC Housing Finance Agency (DCHFA) helps manage it. HPAP gives interest-free loans to help low- and moderate-income first-time buyers buy a home in DC.
- Who: first-time buyers. For HPAP, that means you have not owned any home or other residential property in the last three years. DC residents come first. Some people who have worked in DC for at least a year can also apply.
- Where: the home must be in DC, and it must be your main home.
- How much: it depends on your income and household size. DHCD updates its table every year.
- Repayment: lower-income buyers make no monthly payments. Moderate-income buyers start making payments in the sixth year. The whole loan is due if you sell, refinance (with some exceptions), or stop living in the home. To refinance means to take out a new mortgage to pay off your old one, often to get a lower rate.
- How to apply: through a community organization, such as Housing Counseling Services, the Latino Economic Development Center (LEDC), or MANNA.
HPAP money is limited. For fiscal year 2026, DHCD said it would help applicants first-come, first-served. Funding and rules can change each fiscal year. DC's fiscal year starts on October 1, so ask a counselor early about timing.
DC Open Doors
DC Open Doors, from DCHFA, offers home loans with down payment help for homes in DC. As of September 2026, its website said:
- First-time and repeat buyers can use it, and you do not need to live in DC now.
- There is an income limit, and the minimum credit score is 640.
- A down payment assistance loan can cover your full minimum down payment.
- That loan has 0% interest and no monthly payments. It is due after 30 years, or sooner if you sell, refinance, or stop living in the home.
Msaada huko Maryland na Virginia
Mpango wa Rehani wa Maryland (MMP)
- Mikopo ya Faida ya Mara ya 1 ni ya wanunuzi wa mara ya kwanza. Hii ni pamoja na watu ambao hawajamiliki nyumba kuu katika miaka mitatu iliyopita. Baadhi ya maveterani na baadhi ya wanunuzi katika maeneo fulani yanayolengwa wanaweza pia kuhitimu.
- Mikopo ya Flex ni ya wanunuzi wa mara ya kwanza au ya kurudia.
- Mikopo mingi ya MMP huja na usaidizi wa malipo ya awali kama mkopo ulioahirishwa wa 0%. Mnamo 2026, chaguzi zilijumuisha gorofa $6,000, au kiasi sawa na 3%, 4%, au 5% ya rehani ya kwanza. Unalipa wakati rehani ya kwanza inaisha, kwa mfano unapouza au kufadhili upya.
- Ikiwa mshirika aliyeidhinishwa, kama vile baadhi ya waajiri, atakupa usaidizi, MMP inaweza kulinganisha na hadi $2,500 zaidi kwa baadhi ya mikopo.
- Kila mkopaji lazima achukue darasa la elimu la mnunuzi wa nyumba lililoidhinishwa.
- Kuna mikopo maalum kwa wanunuzi katika Kaunti ya Montgomery na Kaunti ya Prince George.
- Unaomba kupitia mkopeshaji aliyeidhinishwa na MMP.
Nyumba ya Virginia
- Virginia Housing hutoa mikopo ya nyumba kupitia wakopeshaji walioidhinishwa, na mapato na mipaka ya bei.
- Ruzuku yake ya Usaidizi wa Malipo ya Awali ni ruzuku ya kweli, kwa hivyo hauilipi kamwe. Ni kwa wanunuzi wa mara ya kwanza, na kwa wanunuzi wa kurudia katika maeneo fulani, ambao hutumia mkopo unaostahiki wa Nyumba ya Virginia.
- Ruzuku ya Usaidizi wa Gharama ya Kufunga inaweza kusaidia wanunuzi wanaopata mkopo wa VA au USDA kupitia Virginia Housing. Pia haijalipwa kamwe.
- Mikopo mingi ya Nyumba ya Virginia inahitaji darasa lake la bure la mnunuzi wa nyumba. Unaweza kuichukua kibinafsi au mkondoni. Kozi ya mkondoni inachukua kama masaa nane.
Baadhi ya kaunti na miji katika eneo hilo pia huendesha programu zao wenyewe. Mshauri wa makazi aliyeidhinishwa na HUD anaweza kukuambia ni zipi zinazokufaa.
Sheria za kuangalia kabla ya kutegemea msaada
Kila programu ina sheria zake. Uliza maswali haya kabla ya kutoa ofa kwenye nyumba:
- Je, kikomo cha mapato kwa ukubwa wa kaya yangu ni kipi?
- Je, kuna kikomo kwa bei ya nyumba?
- Je, programu inafafanuaje mnunuzi wa mara ya kwanza?
- Je, ni lazima niishi nyumbani kama nyumba yangu kuu? Kwa muda gani?
- Je, darasa la mnunuzi wa nyumba linahitajika? Ni madarasa gani yanayohesabu?
- Je, ni alama gani ya chini ya mkopo na kiwango cha juu cha DTI ninahitaji?
- Je, ni kiasi gani cha pesa zangu mwenyewe ninapaswa kuweka?
- Je, ni ruzuku au mkopo? Ikiwa ni mkopo, ni lini lazima niulipe: ninapouza, kufadhili tena, kuhama, au baada ya idadi fulani ya miaka?
- Je, ninaweza kuichanganya na programu zingine?
- Je, inakubali wanunuzi walio na hali yangu ya uhamiaji au ITIN?
- Je, pesa zinapatikana sasa, na idhini inachukua muda gani?
- Ni wakopeshaji gani wameidhinishwa kutumia programu hii?
Pata majibu kwa maandishi. Sheria za programu na kiasi cha dola hubadilika, mara nyingi mwanzoni mwa mwaka mpya wa fedha.
Bima ya rehani: malipo ya PMI na FHA
Unapoweka kiasi kidogo, mkopeshaji huchukua hatari zaidi. Bima ya rehani inalinda mkopeshaji ikiwa utaacha kulipa. Haikulindi, lakini ndiyo inafanya malipo ya chini iwezekanavyo.
PMI kwenye mikopo ya kawaida
Kwa chini ya 20% chini ya mkopo wa kawaida, kwa kawaida unalipa bima ya rehani ya kibinafsi (PMI) kama sehemu ya malipo yako ya kila mwezi. Sheria ya shirikisho inakupa njia kuu mbili za kuimaliza:
- Unaweza kumwomba mhudumu wako kwa maandishi kughairi PMI wakati salio lako la mkopo limeratibiwa kufikia 80% ya thamani ya awali ya nyumba. Unahitaji historia nzuri ya malipo na lazima utimize masharti mengine, kama vile kuonyesha nyumba haijapoteza thamani.
- Mhudumu wako lazima akomeshe PMI kiotomatiki wakati salio lako limeratibiwa kufikia 78% ya thamani ya asili, ikiwa uko sasa kwenye malipo yako.
Bima ya rehani ya FHA
Mikopo ya FHA hutoza malipo mawili. Kufikia Septemba 2026, malipo ya awali ni 1.75% ya kiasi cha mkopo, na inaweza kuongezwa kwa mkopo. Pia kuna malipo ya kila mwaka, yanayolipwa kama sehemu ya malipo yako ya kila mwezi. Kwa wanunuzi wengi ambao huweka chini ya 3.5%, malipo ya kila mwaka ni 0.55% ya mkopo, na hudumu kwa maisha ya mkopo. Ukiweka chini 10% au zaidi, inaisha baada ya miaka 11. Wamiliki wengine baadaye hufadhili tena kuwa mkopo wa kawaida ili kuacha kuulipa.
$350,000 nyumbani − $12,250 chini = $337,750 mkopo; $337,750 × 0.55% ÷ 12 = takriban $155 kwa mwezi mwanzoni
Mfano
Mfano uliofanya kazi: pesa taslimu kufunga nyumba ya $350,000
Mekdes anafanya kazi katika hospitali huko DC. Ananunua kondomu ya $350,000 huko DC kwa mkopo wa FHA na 3.5% chini. Makadirio yake ya Mkopo yanaonyesha $10,500 katika gharama za kufunga, ikiwa ni pamoja na kodi za kulipia kabla na bima. (Gharama za kufunga hutofautiana sana. Nambari hii ni mfano tu.)
$350,000 × 3.5% = $12,250 malipo ya chini
| Kipengee | Bila msaada | Kwa mkopo wa usaidizi wa malipo ya chini |
|---|---|---|
| Malipo ya chini (3.5%) | $ 12,250 | $ 12,250 |
| Gharama za kufunga na vitu vya kulipia kabla | $ 10,500 | $ 10,500 |
| Mkopo wa usaidizi wa malipo ya chini | $ 0 | - $ 12,250 |
| Cash Mekdes lazima ilete | $ 22,750 | $ 10,500 |
Mkopo wa usaidizi hupunguza pesa zake kufungwa kwa zaidi ya nusu. Lakini sio pesa za bure. Kwa mpango kama DC Open Doors, lazima alipe $12,250 anapouuza, kufadhili upya, au kuondoka, au baada ya miaka 30. Ikiwa muuzaji atakubali kulipa sehemu ya gharama zake za kufunga, atahitaji pesa kidogo zaidi. Anapaswa pia kupanga kuweka akiba ya dharura baada ya kufungwa, badala ya kutumia kila dola aliyonayo.
Jihadharini
Usilipe orodha za pesa za bure
Baadhi ya tovuti na wapigaji simu huahidi pesa za serikali bila malipo kwa malipo yako ya awali ikiwa unalipa ada kwanza. Wengine wanaomba nambari yako ya Usalama wa Jamii au kuingia kwa benki ili kuangalia ikiwa umehitimu. Programu halisi katika somo hili zimeorodheshwa bila malipo kwenye tovuti rasmi, na washauri walioidhinishwa na HUD wanaweza kukusaidia kutuma maombi kwa gharama kidogo au bila malipo. Kamwe usipe orodha ya ruzuku, na kamwe usipe mtu yeyote kuingia kwa benki yako.
Kidokezo
Waulize wakopeshaji swali sahihi
Kabla ya kuchagua mkopeshaji, uliza: "Je, umeidhinishwa kutoa mikopo kwa [jina la programu]? Je, ulifunga mikopo mingapi kati ya hii mwaka huu?" Mkopeshaji anayetumia programu mara nyingi anaweza kukusaidia kuepuka ucheleweshaji.
Mambo muhimu ya kuchukua
- Some loans need as little as 3% or 3.5% down, and VA and USDA loans can need nothing down for eligible buyers.
- DC, Maryland, and Virginia all have programs that help with the down payment or closing costs. Many are loans you repay when you sell, refinance, or move.
- Before you choose a home, check each program's income limit, first-time buyer rule, class requirement, and repayment rules.
- With a conventional loan, you can ask to cancel PMI when your balance is scheduled to reach 80% of the home's original value.
- Cash to close is your down payment plus closing costs, minus any help. Keep emergency savings after closing too.
Angalia uelewa wako
Jibu maswali, kisha uchague Angalia majibu yangu. Pata 5 ya haki 6 kukamilisha somo hili. Hii ni mazoezi: hakuna kikomo cha muda, na hatuhifadhi majibu yako.
Nenda mbali zaidi
Tovuti zinazoaminika ambapo unaweza kujifunza zaidi. Viungo hivi huenda kwenye tovuti zingine ambazo Dollar Scholars haiendeshi.
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Mpango wa Usaidizi wa Ununuzi wa Nyumba (HPAP) (tovuti nyingine)
Mikopo isiyo na riba ya DC kwa wanunuzi wa mara ya kwanza wa kipato cha chini na cha wastani, na mapato ya sasa na meza za usaidizi.
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DC Milango Wazi (tovuti nyingine)
Mikopo ya nyumba na msaada wa malipo ya chini kwa wanunuzi wa mara ya kwanza na wanaorudia kununua huko DC.
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Mpango wa Rehani wa Maryland (tovuti nyingine)
Mikopo ya nyumba ya Maryland na malipo ya chini na msaada wa gharama ya kufunga, pamoja na mapato na zana za kikomo cha bei.
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Nyumba ya Virginia: wanunuzi wa nyumba (tovuti nyingine)
Mikopo ya mnunuzi wa nyumba ya mara ya kwanza ya Virginia, malipo ya awali na ruzuku ya gharama ya kufunga, na madarasa ya bure ya wanunuzi wa nyumba.
Somo hili ni elimu ya jumla ya kifedha, sio ushauri wa kisheria, ushuru au kifedha. Sheria na kiasi hubadilika, kwa hivyo angalia nambari muhimu na chanzo rasmi.