Dollar Scholars Foundation

Køb af bolig og opnåelse af realkreditlån · Lektion 3 3

From Loan Estimate to Closing Day (and Keeping Your Home)

Compare loan offers line by line, understand rate locks and the Closing Disclosure, protect your closing money from wire fraud, and get help early if you fall behind.

  • Cirka 18 min
  • Quizspørgsmål: 6
  • Sidst tjekket: september 2026
  • Bygger videre på: Money Smart for Adults, Module 13: Buying a Home (Sections 2 and 3)

Dele af denne lektion er endnu ikke oversat til dit sprog, så de vises på engelsk.

I denne lektion

Hvad du vil lære

  • Compare two Loan Estimates line by line, including rate, points, APR, and closing costs.
  • Explain rate locks and the Closing Disclosure you must receive three business days before closing.
  • Protect your closing money from wire fraud.
  • Take the right first steps if you fall behind on your mortgage, and avoid foreclosure rescue scams.

Hvordan dette hænger sammen med vores klasser: Our class practices comparing Loan Estimates and covers the steps to closing. This lesson adds a side-by-side example with points, a closing-week checklist, wire fraud protection, and local help if you ever fall behind on payments.

Ord at kende

Låneoverslag (Loan Estimate)
En tre-siders formular, som en långiver skal give dig inden for tre arbejdsdage efter din ansøgning. Den viser den estimerede rente, månedlige betaling og omkostninger ved afslutning.
Afslutningsmeddelelse (Closing Disclosure)
En fem-siders formular med dine endelige lånevilkår og omkostninger. Du skal modtage den mindst tre hverdage før overtagelsen.
Rabatpoint (Discount points)
Et forudbetalt gebyr for at få en lavere rente. Et point koster 1% af lånebeløbet.
ÅOP (årlig procentsats) (APR (annual percentage rate))
Den årlige låneomkostning, inklusive rentesatsen plus visse gebyrer og point. Det hjælper dig med at sammenligne tilbud.
Rate lock
En långivers løfte om at holde din rente i en fastsat periode, såsom 30, 45 eller 60 dage, mens du færdiggør købet af boligen.
Realkreditudbyder (Mortgage servicer)
Firmaet, der indsamler dine månedlige betalinger og håndterer dit lån efter overtagelsen. Det er måske ikke långiveren, der ydede lånet.
Tabsbegrænsning (Loss mitigation)
Muligheder, som en servicer kan tilbyde for at hjælpe dig med at undgå tvangsauktion, såsom en tilbagebetalingsplan, en udsættelse eller en låneændring.

Eksempel

Worked example: two Loan Estimates side by side

Binh and Thao are buying a townhouse in Falls Church, Virginia. They will borrow $300,000 with a 30-year fixed-rate loan. A fixed-rate loan keeps the same interest rate for the whole loan. An adjustable-rate loan (ARM) can change its rate after a set time, so the payment can go up. Two lenders sent them Loan Estimates. (These rates are only examples, not today's rates.)

Two Loan Estimates for a $300,000, 30-year fixed-rate loan (example)
ItemOffer AOffer B
Interest rate6.50%6.25%
Discount points0 ($0)1 ($3,000)
Other lender fees$1,200$1,200
APR (with these fees)about 6.54%about 6.38%
Monthly principal and interest$1,896$1,847
Paid in the first 5 years (payments, points, and fees)$114,972$115,029

$3,000 for the point ÷ $49 saved each month = about 61 months, or about 5 years

Offer B costs $3,000 more at closing but saves $49 a month. It takes about five years to earn back the cost of the point. After five years, the two offers have cost about the same. If Binh and Thao plan to keep this loan longer than that, Offer B saves money. If they might sell or refinance sooner, Offer A is the better choice, and it leaves them more cash for emergencies.

Also compare the APR. It includes points and fees, so it helps you compare offers that have different costs. Page 3 of every Loan Estimate also shows how much you will have paid in the first five years.

Sammenlign mindst tre tilbud

  1. Bed mindst tre långivere om et lånetilbud, for eksempel en bank, en kreditforening og et realkreditinstitut. En långiver skal sende det inden for tre hverdage efter, at du har ansøgt.
  2. Ansøg inden for kort tid, for eksempel to uger. Kreditvurderinger tæller flere kreditkontroller fra realkreditudbydere, der foretages tæt på hinanden, som en enkelt forespørgsel. Afhængigt af scoren er dette tidsrum 14 til 45 dage.
  3. Sørg for, at hvert tilbud gælder for samme lånetype, lånebeløb og udbetaling, så du kan sammenligne retfærdigt.
  4. Sammenlign rentesats, point, ÅOP, månedlig betaling, afslutningsomkostninger og kontanter til afslutning.
  5. Bed hver långiver forklare eventuelle gebyrer, du ikke forstår. Du kan spørge: "Kan du sænke dette gebyr eller matche dette andet tilbud?"
  6. På side 1 skal du tjekke for en gebyr for forudbetaling (et gebyr for at betale lånet tidligt af) eller en ballonbetaling (en meget stor betaling, der skal betales til sidst). De fleste købere bør undgå begge dele.

Rentelåse: hvad kan stadig ændre sig

Realkreditrenter ændrer sig hver dag. En rentelås holder din rente i en fastsat periode, ofte 30, 45 eller 60 dage, så længe du lukker inden for tiden, og intet i din ansøgning ændrer sig. Bed om låsningen skriftligt.

Selv med en lås kan din pris eller dine omkostninger ændre sig, hvis:

  • Du ændrer lånetypen eller størrelsen på din udbetaling,
  • vurderingen (et professionelt estimat af boligens værdi) er højere eller lavere end forventet,
  • Din kreditvurdering ændrer sig, eller
  • Långiveren kan ikke dokumentere noget af din indkomst, såsom overarbejde eller bonusser.

Spørg din långiver: "Hvor lang varer min lås? Hvad vil det koste at forlænge den, hvis afslutningen bliver forsinket?" Forlængelser kan være dyre.

The Closing Disclosure: check it three days before closing

The lender must give you the Closing Disclosure at least three business days before closing. (In the DC area, closing is often called settlement.) Use those days to compare it with your latest Loan Estimate, line by line.

Which costs can change

  • Cannot go up (unless something in your application or loan changed, or your rate was not locked yet): fees paid to the lender or mortgage broker, such as points and origination fees, fees for required services you were not allowed to shop for, and transfer taxes.
  • Can go up, but by no more than 10% in total: recording fees, and fees for required services when you chose a provider from the lender's list.
  • Can change by any amount: prepaid interest, homeowners insurance, escrow deposits, and services the lender does not require.

An escrow account is money your servicer collects with each monthly payment to pay your property taxes and home insurance for you. At closing you usually put some money in to start it.

If a fee went up more than the rules allow and nothing changed, you are entitled to a refund of the extra amount. Some changes also give you a new three-day waiting period: the APR on a fixed-rate loan goes up by more than 1/8 of a percentage point, a prepayment penalty is added, or the loan type changes, for example from fixed to adjustable.

Closing-week checklist

  • Compare the Closing Disclosure with your Loan Estimate: loan amount, rate, monthly payment, points, fees, and cash to close.
  • Ask the lender about every difference before closing day.
  • Set up homeowners insurance. Lenders require it.
  • Confirm how to pay your cash to close by calling a phone number you already trust.
  • Do a final walk-through: visit the home to check that it is in the condition you agreed to.
  • Bring a photo ID. If you need an interpreter, arrange one ahead of time, or bring someone you trust.
  • Do not sign anything you do not understand, and never sign blank pages. Keep copies of everything.

Pas på

Wire fraud: check before you send

A title company or settlement attorney runs the closing. It checks that the seller really owns the home, collects your cash to close, and pays everyone. That is why scammers pretend to be them.

Scammers break into or copy email accounts. A few days before closing, they send a message that looks like it is from your title company, settlement attorney, or agent. It says the wiring instructions have changed. If you send money to the scammer, it can be very hard to get it back.

  1. Early in the process, write down the names and phone numbers of your settlement agent and loan officer. Get the numbers from your contract or a meeting, not from an email.
  2. Before you send money, call the title company or settlement attorney at that number. Confirm the account number and amount out loud.
  3. Treat any message about new payment instructions as a warning sign, even if it looks real. Do not use phone numbers or links in that message.
  4. If you already sent money, call your bank right away and ask it to stop or recall the wire. Then report it to the FBI at ic3.gov.

If you fall behind on payments

Fewer work hours, a layoff, or a medical bill can make it hard to pay. The most important step is to act early. Foreclosure is the legal process a lender uses to take and sell your home when you stop paying the mortgage. Generally, the foreclosure process cannot start until you are more than 120 days behind. Use that time.

  1. Call your servicer as soon as you know you might miss a payment. The phone number is on your monthly statement.
  2. Ask about loss mitigation options, such as a repayment plan, a forbearance (a short pause or lower payments), or a loan modification (a lasting change to your loan terms).
  3. Send a complete application quickly. If your servicer gets it before the foreclosure starts, the servicer generally must review it before it can start the foreclosure.
  4. Call a HUD-approved housing counselor at 800-569-4287. They can help you with the application, often for free.
  5. Open every letter from your servicer and from the court. If you miss a deadline, you can lose some options.

Hello, my name is [your name]. My loan number is [loan number]. My income dropped on [date] because [reason]. I want to keep my home, but I may not be able to make my payment due on [due date]. What loss mitigation options do I have? Please send me an application and tell me every document you need and the deadline. May I have your name and a reference number for this call?

Local help

  • DC: call the Foreclosure Prevention Hotline at (202) 265-2255. After you get a notice of default, you can use the DC Foreclosure Mediation Program, where you and your lender meet with a neutral mediator. Legal Aid DC and the DC Bar Pro Bono Center offer free legal help to people who qualify.
  • Maryland: call the homeowner assistance hotline at 1-877-462-7555. Maryland also has foreclosure mediation for people who live in the home. You must ask the court for it within 25 days after you receive the court papers that start the foreclosure, and there is a fee. Maryland Legal Aid helps people who qualify.
  • Virginia: call a HUD-approved counselor early. Legal Services of Northern Virginia helps people who qualify.

For more steps when income drops, see When Income Stops: Your First 30 Days.

Pas på

Redningssvindel ved tvangsauktioner

Folk, der kommer bagud, får ofte opkald, breve og besøg fra virksomheder, der lover at redde deres hjem. Nogle siger, at de arbejder sammen med regeringen eller din långiver. Hold øje med disse advarselstegn:

  • De kræver et gebyr, før de gør noget. Ifølge føderale regler kan et selskab som regel ikke opkræve betaling, før du har et skriftligt tilbud fra din långiver og accepterer det.
  • De siger, at du skal stoppe med at tale med din servicer eller sende dine realkreditbetalinger til dem.
  • De beder dig om at underskrive skødet (papiret, der viser, hvem der ejer huset). Hvis du gør det, kan du miste dit hjem og stadig skylde realkreditlånet.
  • De vil have betaling via bankoverførsel, bankcheck eller en betalingsapp.

Hjælp fra din servicer og fra HUD-godkendte rådgivere er gratis eller billig. Anmeld svindel til FTC på ReportFraud.ftc.gov eller til din statsadvokat. Se også vores lektion om at spotte svindel.

Tip

Før en hjemmefil

Hold dit låneoverslag, afslutningsoplysning, skøde og forsikringspolice samlet. Læs hvert år din escrow-konto. Din escrow-konto er penge, som din servicer indsamler hver måned for at betale ejendomsskatter og forsikring. Hvis skatter eller forsikring stiger, kan din månedlige betaling også stige.

Vigtige pointer

  • Get Loan Estimates from at least three lenders within about two weeks. Credit scores count mortgage credit checks made close together as one inquiry.
  • Points lower your rate but cost cash now. Divide the cost by the monthly savings to see how long it takes to earn it back.
  • You must get the Closing Disclosure at least three business days before closing. Compare it with your Loan Estimate.
  • Before you send closing money, call your title company or settlement attorney at a phone number you already know.
  • If you might miss a payment, call your servicer and a HUD-approved counselor right away. Never pay upfront fees to save your home.

Tjek din forståelse

Svar på spørgsmålene, og vælg derefter Tjek mine svar. Få 5 af 6 ret til at gennemføre denne lektion. Dette er øvelse: der er ingen tidsbegrænsning, og vi gemmer ikke dine svar.

Spørgsmål 1 6 Tilbud A har en rente på 6,50% uden point. Tilbud B har en sats på 6,25%, koster 3.000 dollars mere i point og sparer 49 dollars om måneden. Nadia forventer at sælge og flytte til et større sted om cirka tre år. Hvilket tilbud er sandsynligvis bedst for hende?
Spørgsmål 2 6 Carlos er ved at lukke købet af en ejerlejlighed i Silver Spring. Hvornår skal långiveren give ham afslutningsoplysningen?
Spørgsmål 3 6 På Aishas låneoverslag var långiverens gebyr for oprettelse 1.000 dollars. På hendes afslutningsrapport er det 1.400 dollars. Hendes rente var låst, da hun fik låneoverslaget, og intet ved hendes lån, indkomst eller hjem er ændret. Hvad er sandt?
Spørgsmål 4 6 To dage før overtagelse får Mei en e-mail, der ser ud til at være fra hendes tinglysningsfirma. Der står, at bankkontoen for hendes afslutningspenge er ændret, og der gives et nyt telefonnummer til spørgsmål. Hvad skal hun gøre?
Spørgsmål 5 6 Andres arbejdstid blev skåret ned på hans job i Landover, og han vil misse sin næste realkreditbetaling. Et firma ringer og siger, at de kan stoppe tvangsauktion for et gebyr på 1.500 dollars betalt i dag. Hvad skal Andre gøre?
Spørgsmål 6 6 Jin vil have lånetilbud fra tre långivere, men han er bekymret for, at flere kreditvurderinger vil skade hans score. Hvad er sandt?

Gå længere

Pålidelige hjemmesider, hvor du kan lære mere. Disse links fører til andre hjemmesider, som Dollar Scholars ikke driver.

Denne lektion er generel finansiel oplysning, ikke juridisk, skattemæssig eller finansiel rådgivning. Regler og beløb ændrer sig, så tjek vigtige tal med en officiel kilde.