Ukwesaba ukuzethemba kwezezimali

Igebe lokuzethemba

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PISA 2022 · Ukuzethemba kwezezimali · Izinhlelo zemfundo ezingama-20 · Abaneminyaka engu-15 ubudala

Amakhono afanayo. Ukuzethemba okuncane .

Ngisho nalapho abesifazane abasebasha befunda kakhulu ngokwezimali, ukuzethemba kwabo ezindabeni eziphathelene nemali nezezimali kuphansi. Ezinhlelweni zemfundo ezingama-20 ezibambe iqhaza ekuhlolweni kwezezimali kwe-PISA ka-2022 [1, p. 16], abesifazane abasebasha abaneminyaka engu-15 babika ukuzethemba okuncane kakhulu kunabafana abasha ekusingatheni izindaba zemali zansuku zonke: ukukhokha isikweletu, ukufunda isitatimende sasebhange, ukuqonda inkontileka. Leli khasi libheka lelo gebe lodwa: likhulu kangakanani igebe lokuzethemba, lihlobene kanjani nezinye izici, futhi libukeka kanjani igebe lokuzethemba phakathi kwamazwe acebile nabampofu?

Zinkulu kangakanani futhi kuphi

Zonke izinhlelo, isiqondiso esifanayo

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-PISA kokubhekana nezindaba zemali zendabuko kufingqa ukuthi abafundi bazizwa kanjani ngemisebenzi eyisithupha[1, p. 171][2, p. 405]. Ngokwesilinganiso ezinhlelweni ezingama-20, izinsizwa zizizwa zizethemba noma zizethemba kakhulu mayelana ne-53% yemisebenzi eyisithupha nabesifazane abasebasha abangama-40%, igebe lamaphesenti ayi-12.3 [7]. I-PISA iphinde yabuza ngesethi ehlukile yemisebenzi emihlanu eyenziwa efonini noma kwikhompyutha, njengokudlulisa imali, ukukhokha ngocingo noma ukugcina imininingwane yokukhokha iphephile. Ngokuthakazelisayo, abesifazane abasebasha bazizwa bezethemba kakhulu ngemisebenzi yedijithali kunaleyo yansuku zonke: bazizwa beqinisekile ngama-58% abo, ngokuqhathaniswa ne-40% yabesifazane abasebasha abazizwa bezethemba ngemisebenzi eyisithupha yansuku zonke. Izinsizwa nazo ziyazethemba kakhulu ngemisebenzi yedijithali (65%), ngakho-ke igebe lincane, ngamaphuzu angama-6.8, kodwa alivali; izinsizwa zisazethemba kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezingu-15 kwezingu-20[7].

Bheka ukuthi abesifazane nabesilisa abasebasha baphendula kanjani umbuzo ngamunye, kuzo zonke izinhlelo →

Vele, ayikho indaba engake ngayihlaziya ephathelene nezomnotho elula: phakathi kwabafundi abahlale esivivinyweni, abesifazane abasebasha bathola amaphuzu aphakeme kakhulu kunabafana abasha ekufundeni kwezezimali ezinhlelweni ezintathu: iBulgaria, iMalaysia ne-United Arab Emirates[7]. Izinsizwa zisazethemba kakhulu kuzo zontathu, yize eMalaysia igebe lokuzethemba lincane kakhulu ukuthi lingabalulekile ngokwezibalo.

Izinsizwa zizizwa zizethemba ngemisebenzi eyengeziwe kuzo zonke izinhlelo

Umugqa ngamunye ukhombisa isabelo semisebenzi eyisithupha yemali yansuku zonke, njengokukhokha umthethosivivinywa noma ukuqonda isitatimende sasebhange, ukuthi abesifazane nabesilisa abasha bathi bazozizwa "bezethemba" noma "bezethemba kakhulu" bekwenza. Ibanga eliphakathi kwamachashazi yigebe, eliphrintiwe ngakwesokudla ngamaphesenti amaphuzu (isibindi: izibalo ezibalulekile). Shintsha ukuze ubone isethi ehlukile yemisebenzi emihlanu eyenziwa efonini noma kukhompyutha.

Umthombo: i-database ye-PISA 2022[3], imibuzo FL162 (imisebenzi eyisithupha) ne-FL163 (imisebenzi emihlanu kudivayisi yedijithali); izibalo zakhe[7]. Umfundi ubala ngokuzethemba emsebenzini lapho ephendula ngokuthi "ukuzethemba" noma "ukuzethemba kakhulu". "Abesifazane abasebasha bathola amaphuzu aphezulu": igebe elibalulekile lamaphuzu phakathi kwabahloli, izibalo zabo[7]. * Ayihlangabezani namazinga wesampula we-PISA[1, amakhasi 14, 174].

Ukuzethemba kanye nekhono

Abesifazane abasha abanolwazi lwezezimali abaphenduli ukuthi banamazinga aphezulu okuzethemba

Uma ukufunda nokuzethemba nokuzethemba kuqhathaniswa, igebe lokuzethemba lizoncipha lapho kuqhathaniswa izinsizwa nabesifazane abanamaphuzu afanayo okufunda nokubhala kwezezimali. Akunjalo: ukubamba amaphuzu alinganayo kushiya igebe elijwayelekile kumaphesenti ayi-12.2[7]. Kusukela kweshumi eliphansi kakhulu kubafundi kuya kwabaphezulu, isabelo semisebenzi abafana abasha abazizwa bezethemba ngayo sikhuphuka ngamaphuzu ayi-13 (46% kuya ku-59%) kodwa abesifazane abasebasha ngo-9 kuphela (37% kuya ku-46%).

Ngokuthakazelisayo, igebe lokuzethemba phakathi kwamadoda amancane nabesifazane abasha lincane kakhulu ekuzethembeni "ekuphatheni imali yami." Ungakubona lokhu ngokuchofoza imibuzo ehlukene esithombeni esingezansi.

Ikhono liyakhuphuka; ukuzethemba kwabesifazane abasebasha akulandeli kancane

Isabelo semisebenzi yemali abafana nabesifazane abazizwa bezethemba, nge-decile yezezimali ngaphakathi kwezwe. Amaqembu: 95% izikhawu zokuzethemba.

Umthombo: I-database ye-PISA 2022[3]; izibalo zakho[7]. Ama-deciles angaphakathi ezweni ngalinye, abalwa ngokwehlukana kumanani ayi-10 futhi ahlanganiswe nemithetho kaRubin[4][5].

Ngisho nalapho abesifazane abasha bethola amaphuzu aphezulu, izinsizwa zizizwa zizethemba ngokwengeziwe

Uhlelo ngalunye olubekwe ngegebe lalo lamaphuzu (ngaphesheya) kanye negebe lalo lokuzethemba (phezulu). Ayikho uhlelo oluwela ngaphansi komugqa lapho abesifazane abasebasha bezoba yiqembu elizethembayo kakhulu.

Izikhala zamaphuzu: abahloli bezivivinyo, izibalo zabo kusuka ku-database[3][7] (Izibalo zabafundi bonke be-OECD: Ithebula IV.B1.3.6[1]); Izikhala zokuzethemba: amaphesenti wemisebenzi eyisithupha yemali yansuku zonke, izibalo zakho[7]. Izinsizwa zishiya imibuzo yezezimali ingenanto kaningi kunabesifazane abasebasha (ukuhlaziywa kwamakhodi wento kanye nezikhathi zesikrini[7]); inkinobho ibonisa igebe lamaphuzu phakathi kwabaphenduli bemibuzo.

Isizinda somndeni kanye nemali engenayo kazwelonke

Amazinga aphakeme emfundo yabazali = igebe elibanzi

Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa abafundi ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lemfundo noma yimuphi umzali oqedile (i-PISA's variable HISCED)[3]. Ngokwesilinganiso, la maqembu amathathu acishe afane: abazali abanesikole samabanga aphakeme noma ngaphansi (35% yabafundi), abazali abaneziqu ze-bachelor noma ezimfushane (30%), nabazali abaneziqu ze-master noma zobudokotela (35%)[7]. ICosta Rica ayinayo idatha yemfundo yabazali, ngakho-ke lezi zilinganiso zihlanganisa izinhlelo eziyi-19.

Isabelo semisebenzi abafana abasha abazizwa bezethemba ngayo sikhuphuka sisuka ku-50% lapho kungekho mzali othole imfundo ngale kwesikole samabanga aphakeme kuya ku-55% lapho umzali ephethe iziqu ze-master noma zobudokotela. Isabelo sabesifazane abasebasha sikhuphuka kuphela sisuka ku-39% kuya ku-41%, futhi hhayi nhlobo phakathi kwamaqembu amabili aphezulu. Ngakho-ke igebe lobulili likhula lisuka ku-11.1 kuye ku-14.6 amaphesenti, ukunwetshwa okuphawulekayo ngokwezibalo ngamaphuzu angu-3.4 (95% isikhawu sokuzethemba 1.1 kuya ku-5.7). Ibanzi kakhulu phezulu kunaphansi ezinhlelweni ezi-4 kwezingu-19, futhi incane kunoma yikho[7]. Inkomba ebanzi ye-PISA yemvelaphi yomndeni, ephinde ibale imisebenzi yabazali kanye nempahla ekhaya[2, p. 401], ibonisa inguqulo ephakeme yephethini elifanayo: kuwo wonke amakota ayo igebe likhula lisuka ku-9.9 kuye ku-15.8 amaphuzu[7]. Lezi yizinhlanganisela zedatha ye-cross-sectional; azibonisi ukuthi isizinda somndeni sibangela umehluko.

Igebe likhula ngemfundo yabazali

Isabelo sabesifazane abasebasha semisebenzi eyisithupha yemali yansuku zonke abazizwa bezethemba, ngamaphesenti, ngemfundo ephakeme kakhulu yanoma yimuphi umzali. Ibhendi elinomthunzi: 95% isikhawu sokuzethemba segebe.

Umthombo: i-database ye-PISA 2022 [3], i-HISCED eguquguqukayo (amazinga e-ISCED 2011: yesibili noma ngaphansi = kuze kufike ku-post-secondary non-tertiary; i-bachelor's noma i-tertiary emfushane = amazinga 5-6; i-master's noma i-doctorate = amazinga 7-8); izibalo zakho[7]. ICosta Rica ayinayo idatha yemfundo yabazali, ngakho-ke izilinganiso zihlanganisa izinhlelo eziyi-19.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, amazwe acebile ku-GDPPC avame ukuba nezikhala ezibanzi zokuzethemba: emazweni angama-20 igebe licishe libe ngamaphesenti angama-2.8 amakhulu ngokuphindwe kabili kwe-GDP ngomuntu ngamunye[7][8]. IMalaysia, iBulgaria neBrazil banezikhala ezincane kunazo zonke; IDenmark, iHungary neNorway ezinye ezinkulu kunazo zonke. ISaudi Arabia iyona ehlukile kunazo zonke: icebile njenge-Austria, ngesinye sezikhala ezincane kunazo zonke. Njengesikhumbuzo, ishadi libonisa iphethini; lokhu akusho ukusungula ubudlelwano be-causal.

Izinhlelo ezicebile zivame ukuba nezikhala ezinkulu zokuzethemba

Igebe lokuzethemba lohlelo ngalunye (amaphesenti emisebenzi eyisithupha yemali) ngokumelene ne-GDP yayo ngomuntu ngamunye ngo-2022, esikalini se-logarithmic.

Izikhala zokuzethemba: I-database ye-PISA 2022[3], izibalo zakho[7]. I-GDP per capita: Ibhange Lomhlaba, i-PPP ngamadola amanje aphesheya[8]; I-Flanders isebenzisa isibalo saseBelgium kanti izifundazwe zaseCanada zisebenzisa eCanada.

Ukuthatha

Kusho ukuthini lokhu kubafundi be-dollar

Okusemqoka kithi eDollar Scholars ukuthi ukufunda nokubhala kwezezimali ngeke kube yisisombululo sokuphela kobuphofu noma ukusiza abantu ukuba bathuthukise izimpilo zabo. Kunezinto eziningi ezihambisanayo abantu okufanele basabele kuzo ngaphezu kokufunda nokubhala kwezezimali. Yize sigxile kakhulu ekufundeni kwezezimali, yingakho i-Dollar Scholars kufanele ithathe isikhathi sokuqonda ucwaningo lwakamuva, futhi iqonde ukuthi yiziphi ezinye izinkinga ezingaba nomthelela kubafundi be-Dollar Scholars abafuna ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yabo yezezimali.

IsithasiseloYonke imibuzo, isistimu ngayinye

Abafundi babuzwa ukuthi bangazizwa yini bezethemba ukwenza imisebenzi eyisithupha yansuku zonke ehlobene nemali, njengokukhokha umthethosivivinywa noma ukuqonda isitatimende sasebhange, nemisebenzi emihlanu kudivayisi yedijithali, ngayinye ngesilinganiso samaphuzu amane[1, p. 171][3]. Khetha umbuzo ukuze ubone ukuthi abesifazane nabesilisa abasha baphendule kanjani ohlelweni ngalunye. Imigoqo ibekwe emngceleni phakathi "ongazethembi kakhulu" futhi "ukuzethemba", ngakho-ke ubude ngakwesokudla komugqa yingxenye eyaziwa ngokuzethemba. Izinhlelo zihlelwe ngegebe; igebe lihlelwe ngesibindi lapho libalulekile ngokwezibalo (izinga le-5%).

Indlela amantombazane nabesilisa abasha abaphendula ngayo umbuzo ngamunye

Amaphesenti abafundi abanikeza impendulo ngayinye; ibha engenhla, ibha engezansi izinsizwa. Igebe: izinsizwa izinsizwa ngaphandle kwabesifazane abasebasha ekwabelweni ukuphendula "ukuzethemba" noma "ukuzethemba kakhulu", ngamaphesenti amaphuzu.

Umthombo: I-database ye-PISA 2022[3], imibuzo FL162Q01HA-Q06HA ne-FL163Q01HA-Q05HA; abafundi abaphendule umbuzo ngamunye, abanesisindo; izibalo zabo[7]. Amaphutha ajwayelekile avela kuma-80 aphindaphinda izisindo [2]. * Ayihlangabezani namazinga wesampula we-PISA[1, amakhasi 14, 174].

Izindlela:Lezi zinombolo zenziwa kanjani

Lapho isilinganiso sokuzethemba sivela kuphi

Umbuzo wokufunda nokubhala kwezezimali, cishe imizuzu eyishumi ubude, wanikezwa wonke umfundi obambe iqhaza ezinhlelweni ezithathe ukuhlolwa kokufunda nokubhala kwezezimali[2, p. 93]. Umbuzo FL162 ubuze ukuthi abafundi bangazizwa kanjani bezethemba ukwenza ukudluliswa kwemali, ukugcwalisa amafomu ebhange, ukuqonda izitatimende zasebhange, ukuqonda inkontileka yokuthengisa, ukugcina ibhalansi ye-akhawunti nokuhlela ukusetshenziswa kwemali (isikali samaphuzu ama-4)[1, p. 171].
Leli khasi lilinganisa ukuzethemba njengesabelo semisebenzi eyisithupha umfundi aphendula ngayo "ukuzethemba" noma "ukuzethemba kakhulu" (abafundi abaphendule bonke abayisithupha), kanye nezikhala njengesabelo sabafana abasha ngaphandle kwesabelo sabesifazane abasebasha ngamaphesenti. Isilinganiso sedijithali senza okufanayo ngemisebenzi emihlanu yombuzo we-FL163 kudivayisi yedijithali. I-OECD esikhundleni salokho ilinganisa izimpendulo kuma-indices FLCONFIN ne-FLCONICT (kusho u-0, SD 1 emazweni e-OECD) [2, p. 405]; inkomba ayinayo i-zero yemvelo, ngakho-ke umehluko wamaphesenti kuwo ngeke ube nalutho. Zombili lezi zinyathelo zinikeza isithombe esifanayo: izinsizwa zizethemba kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlelo[1, Ithebula IV.B1.7.20][7].

Lapho izikolo zezezimali zivela kuphi

Amaphuzu angama-OECD[3]; isizinda sichazwa kuhlaka lokuhlola[6]. Ezinhlelweni ezithatha inketho yokufunda nokubhala kwezezimali, i-PISA isampula abafundi abengeziwe abangaba ngu-1,650 ezikoleni ezifanayo[2, p. 105]. Isofthiwe yabela abafundi ngokungahleliwe kumafomu okuhlola amahora amabili; amafomu okufunda nokubhala kwezezimali ahlanganisa ihora elilodwa lokufunda ngezimali nehora elilodwa lezibalo noma ukufunda[2, p. 38, Ithebula 2.7]. Izimpendulo ezisezingeni lezinto zifakwe kufayela CY08MSP_FLT_COG.
I-OECD ilinganise izimpendulo ngemodeli yempendulo yento futhi yadweba amanani ayi-10 abonakalayo ngomfundi ngamunye (PV1FLIT-PV10FLIT) kusuka kumodeli yokubuyela emuva efihliwe efakwe i-DGROUP; abafundi abanganikezwanga izinto zokufunda nezezimali bathola amanani alinganiselwe kwezinye izimpendulo zabo kanye nesizinda [2, amakhasi 232-233]. Leli khasi lisebenzisa wonke amanani ayi-10, njengoba i-OECD incoma[4].

Ukulinganisa

Isampula: zonke izilinganiso kuleli khasi zisebenzisa kuphela abafundi abanikezwe ifomu lokuhlola ukufunda nokubhala kwezezimali (amafomu 67-74), abafundi abangama-42,154 ezinhlelweni ezingama-20[2, p. 38, Ithebula 2.7]. Amafomu abelwe ngokungahleliwe, ngakho-ke laba bafundi bamele inani elifanayo nesampula ephelele; izikolo zabo zokufunda nokubhala kwezezimali zihlala ezimpendulweni zabo ezintweni zokufunda nokubhala kwezezimali kunokuba zilinganiselwe kwezinye izimpendulo zabo[2, pp. 232-233]. Imiphumela yabo bonke abafundi iyafana kakhulu[7].
Izilinganiso zisebenzisa isisindo sokugcina sabafundi [2, p. 189, Formula 10.1] kanye nezisindo ezingama-80 eziphindaphindiwe ezakhiwe ngokuhlukahluka kukaFay kokuphindaphinda okuphindaphindiwe okulinganiselayo[2, p. 196][4]. Imiphumela kumanani abonakalayo ihlanganiswe nemithetho kaRubin[5]. Izikhala zingamadoda amancane ngaphandle kwabesifazane abasebasha, abalwa ngaphakathi kokuphindaphinda ngakunye.
Izilinganiso ziyisilinganiso sezinhlelo ezingama-20 ezibamba iqhaza, ngakho-ke uhlelo ngalunye lubalwa ngokulinganayo[1, p. 16]. Imibiko ye-OECD ibuye inikeze "isilinganiso se-OECD" ngaphezu kwamalungu ayi-14 e-OECD; ayisetshenziswa lapha.

Ama-caveats

Ukuzethemba kuyazivikela. Kulezi zithombe izinsizwa zikhetha isigaba sempendulo esiphakeme kakhulu kaningi kuzo zonke izinto zesimo sengqondo, ngakho-ke ingxenye yegebe ingaba isitayela sokuphendula; izinkomba ze-OECD, ezinesisindo ngasinye isigaba sempendulo, zibonisa iphethini efanayo[7].
Izinsizwa zishiya imibuzo yezezimali ingenanto kaningi kunabesifazane abasebasha (12% ngokumelene no-7% wabahloli embuzweni wayo wokuqala), ngokuvamile ngokuchofoza esikrinini ngasinye ngaphansi kwemizuzwana emibili, futhi labo bafundi bathola amaphuzu aphansi; Imiphumela yokuzethemba ngakho-ke ichaza abaphenduliwe[7].
IBelgium imelwe yi-Flemish Community yayo neCanada yizifundazwe eziyisishiyagalombili; IDenmark, iNetherlands, i-United States kanye nezifundazwe zaseCanada azizange zihlangabezane nezindinganiso zesampula ze-PISA (*)[1, pp. 14, 16, 174].

Imithombo

Izinkomba

I-OECD (2024). Imiphumela ye-PISA 2022 (Umqulu IV): Abafundi bahlakaniphe kangakanani ngokwezimali? PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/5a849c2a-en. Izinombolo zamakhasi zibhekisa ku-pagination ephrintiwe; amatafula anezinombolo IV.B1.x akwiSithasiselo B1.
I-OECD (2024). Umbiko Wezobuchwepheshe we-PISA 2022. PISA, Ukushicilelwa kwe-OECD, eParis. https://doi.org/10.1787/01820d6d-en.
OECD (2024). I-PISA 2022 Database, amafayela abafundi bezezimali CY08MSP_FLT_QQQ (imibuzo, amaphuzu nezisindo) kanye ne-CY08MSP_FLT_COG (izinto zokuhlola). https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/pisa-2022-database.html.
OECD (2009). I-PISA Data Analysis Manual: SPSS, Edition yesibili. PISA, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264056275-en. Izindlela zokuphindaphinda izisindo namanani abonakalayo.
Rubin, DB (1987). I-Imputation Multiple Yokungaphenduli Ekuhlolweni. ENew York: UJohn Wiley & Amadodana.
I-OECD (2023). I-PISA 2022 Ukuhlolwa Nokuhlaziya Uhlaka. PISA, Ukushicilelwa kwe-OECD, eParis. https://doi.org/10.1787/dfe0bf9c-en. Incazelo yesizinda sokufunda nokubhala kwezezimali.
Izibalo zakho ezivela ku-database ye-PISA 2022 [3], ngokulandela izindlela ze [2] no [4]. Imibhalo yokuhlaziya nemiphumela egcwele (amasampula wonke abafundi nabathatha izivivinyo kuphela, kanye nokuqhathaniswa ne-OECD Table IV.B1.7.20) kufolda yokuhlaziya yombhali: gender_gap_analysis/code/confidence_deep_dive/analysis.py, share_measures.py, futhi results/confidence_deep_dive/share_results.json share_results_takers.json (izilinganiso results.json zamaphesenti), kanye results_takers.json (izinkomba ze-OECD); leli khasi lisebenzisa amafayela okuhlola, i-plus ped_results_takers.json, , gdp_results_takers.jsonfuthi item_dist_takers.json takers_extra.json (izikhala zamaphuzu nama-deciles), kanye code/design_checks/ nokuhlaziywa kwemibuzo okungaphenduli.
Ibhange Lomhlaba (2026). Izinkomba Zentuthuko Yomhlaba: I-GDP nge-capita, i-PPP (i-dollar yamanje yamazwe omhlaba), inkomba NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD, amanani ka-2022 (i-database igcine ukubuyekezwa ngo-13 Julayi 2026; ibuyiselwe ngo-Okthoba 7, 2026). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD.